Nephritis

• Haematuria - macroscopic or microscopic, detected by dipstick or on microscopy. Red blood cells of glomerular origin are dysmorphic and may appear as casts.

• Proteinuria - proteinuria may also be present, but is less severe than in nephrotic syndrome

• Oliguria - decreased urine output

• Hypertension - secondary to salt and water retention

• Oedema - secondary to salt and water retention

• Renal impairment

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